ACADEMIC PROGRAMS

COURSES OF STUDY 

Presently, the Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering- offers following post-graduate degree programs.

1.      Master of Science (M.Sc.)

2.      Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.)

3.      Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

Courses of studies at the Centre, offered in the water disciplines is given as:

1.         Water Resources Management

This program emphasizes on the techniques, requirements, modalities, constraints, alternatives, etc. for scientific and optimum use of available water resources. Water requirements, water availability, water use policies, water regulations under various demand-availability scenarios, on-site water utilization, irrigation and drainage requirements and design, soil salinity issues, irrigation hydraulics, formulation of project plans for development/use of water resources, socio-environmental aspects of the water uses are presented under this program. In addition students are trained to develop and use computer programs for evaluation of water uses including remote sensing and GIS tools too. This program transforms an engineer to a good water resources manager.

2.         Engineering Hydrology

This program focuses on quantification (amounts and quality) of available water resources at different locations and for various time scales in terms of sources (glaciers, rainfall, snow melt, ground water), maximum, average, and minimum flows, floods, droughts, sustainable availability, etc. Thus it accounts for the study of various aspects of hydrologic cycle, interactions between different water sources and uses, impacts of human interventions on water resources, catchment studies, operational strategies for storage and release of water, climatic and environmental interactions, etc. The engineers become expert in ascertaining sustainable water potential, forecasting droughts, operation of dams and reservoirs.

3.         Water Resources Engineering

This program imparts training on the modalities for development and harnessing of water resources for various uses. The studies encompass water availability, dams and reservoirs, river systems, sediment studies, canals and hydraulic structures, construction and project management, environmental impacts and their needed mitigation, etc. This program enables engineers to plan, design and construct water development projects with confidence and reliability.

4.         Hydropower Engineering (M.Sc only)

This program focus on the description of low or high head hydropower generation, power economics, dams and reservoirs needed for high head generation, river hydraulics including sedimentation, site selection, and construction and operational management of hydropower facilities.

DURATION OF COURSES

The Centre offers a flexible degree program to suit both full time and part time students and in-service professionals. Minimum and maximum duration of each course is as under:

ACADEMIC SYSTEM

The academic program at the Centre is based on Term system. There are two Terms in each year as: 

Spring Term                          January to June

Fall/ Autumn Term             August to December

SUBJECT EXAMINATIONS

Most subjects are split into two parts: Theory (Part-I) and Practical/Sessional (Part-I). Subjects covering laboratory, experimental or computer work are made up of Practical/Sessional (Part-Il) only. Both Part-1 and Part-11 are of 100 marks each. Part-I includes the Term-end external examination conducted by the Controller of Examinations of the UET. Part-II includes the Sessional/Practical evaluation made by the respective subject teacher on the basis of 1 to 2 term-tests, homework/assignments, unannounced quizzes, term papers, experiment’s/laboratory reports, students interaction in the class hours, etc. Examination results are announced separately for Part-I and Part-II by the Controller of Examinations of UET normally within 4 to 8 weeks after the end of the examinations. 

STATUES RULES AND REGULATIONS

COURSES

The course work for different disciplines are summarized below and their contents are given in Appendix B.

i)          Courses for Water Resources Management

Compulsory Subjects

ii)                 Engineering Hydrology

Compulsory Subjects

 iii)       Courses for Water Resources Engineering

Compulsory Subjects

 iv)       Hydropower Engineering (M.Sc only) 

Compulsory Subjects

COURSE CONTENTS

CWR-601             APPLIED HYDROLOGY              (2,1)

Measurement accuracy and hydrological data evaluation. Rainfall data, DAD anlaysis. Design storm, Evaporation, Infiltration, infiltration models. Water stages and discharge processing. Direct and indirect stream gauging (current meter,. float, chemical and sonic/electric). Velocity formulas. Discharge analysis, Telemetry, Flow duration curves

Hydrograph analysis and synthesis, Unit hydrograph, derivation of unit hydrograph using matrix solution; Mathematical form of S-curve. IUH, Hydrological assessment. Hydrological flood routing. Application of hydrological techniques for the assessment of hydrologic parameters to solve the practical problems. Introduction to HEC-HMS.

Introduction to Rainfall-Runoff modeling. Modeling of ungauged catchments, Discharge data transposition,

Reservoir types and general introduction to reservoir design & operation.

Introduction to data screening, statistical techniques/distributions, Frequency Analysis of floods and droughts.

CWR-602             CATCHMENT MODELING       (2,1)

Water on the catchment: catchment morphology, storage on the catchment, characterising the catchment. Catchment processes and hydrologic losses, details with reference to modeling. Runoff Generation: Basic definitions, Type of runoff, Traditional view of runoff, Factors affecting runoff, What causes runoff? Prevailing theories of runoff generation.

What is catchment modeling. Modelling approaches and their requirements. Black Box, Conceptual Physical based, Semi-distributed, Distributed. Description of Stanford Watershed Model (STM), TOP model, System Hydrologic European model (SHE model).

CWR-603             STATISTICAL HYDROLOGY                   (2,1)

Fundamentals of Statistics. Introduction to deterministic and stochastic processes in hydrology. Hydrologic data, types and quality. Properties of random variables; consistency and homogeneity of data. Introduction to statistical and probability theory, application of classical statistical distributions to hydrological problems; flood frequency analysis; statistical inference from hydrological samples. Simple and multiple correlation and regression, analysis of time series. Introduction to stochastic models, their formulation and application.

CWR-604             RESERVOIR DESIGN AND OPERATION           (2,1)

General: Classification of reservoir, Purpose of reservoir operation, Single vs. multi-purpose, Type of hydrological data required for reservoir operation & design, Methods to determine water availability for reservoir design/operation project, Direct observation method, rainfall-runoff series method etc., Methods to determine capacity of reservoir, e.g. Ripple mass curve method,  Pump storage and its design & operation. Introduction to reservoir operation using system analysis techniques. Conjunctive use of reservoir, Flood control procedure by reservoir operation. Flood routing through a reservoir, Introduction to computer methods for reservoir operation and design, General discussion on the available, widely used, computer models for reservoir operation and design. Reservoir sedimentation, Sediment sluicing/management.

CWR-605             FLOOD ESTIMATION AND CONTROL                              (2,1)

General:                Definitions, classification of floods, Introduction to flood estimation and design, philosophy, meaning of frequency.

Flood Estimation:              Peak Flow determination, flood determination for ungauged catchments, flood determination for ungauged catchments with frequency relationship, flood estimation for gauged watersheds, probable maximum flood, flood hydrograph of a given frequency, prediction of the runoff hydrograph from a design storm, flood estimation from catchment characteristics, flood estimation by statistical methods, regional flood frequency analysis, flood hydrograph estimation using SCS method, estimation of flood using routing techniques, choice of estimation techniques.

Flood Control:    General, classification of floods, estimation of peak flood, methods of flood control, flood control by reservoirs, retarding basins, construction of leavees, channel improvement, soil conservation measures, combination of flood control measures, flood forecasting and warning, results of controlling floods, flood control economics. Disaster management/Adjustments: Emergency evacuation and rescheduling, structural adjustment, land use change, insurance.

CWR-606             GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY AND EXPLORATION                              (2,1)       

Groundwater Hydrology: Need and occurrence of groundwater, groundwater uses and issues, types of aquifer, groundwater reservoir, consolidated & unconsolidated rocks, groundwater resources of Pakistan,

Groundwater storage & supply, groundwater, storage in confined & unconfined aquifers, hydrologic water balance/budget, flow in porous media,

Darcy’s law, its validity, Darcy law for 1, 2 and 3 D flow. Determination of aquifer parameters,

Governing equations for flow in confined, & water table aquifers, boundary conditions, solution of groundwater flow problems using analytical, graphical, analog and numerical methods, hydraulics of multi fluids in aquifers, , multi-dimensional flow, one dimensional flow with distributed recharge.

1-D flow and radial flow under steady and unsteady conditions, Well hydraulics, pumping tests, Ground water numerical/computer models.

Groundwater exploration: Surface and subsurface geophysical methods, analysis of aquifer test data, well drilling methods, well screens and methods of sediment size analysis, water well design, well development, water well pumps, water quality protection near wells.

Salt water intrusion, water mining.

CWR-611             ADVANCED OPEN CHANNEL AND COMPUTATIONAL HYDRAULICS    (2,1)

Flow resistance, computation of uniform, non-uniform, critical and gradually varied flow. Analysis of flow profiles. Hydraulic jump and energy dissipation. Normal depth in compound channel. Channel design. Rapidly varied flow computation. Characteristic of flow over, weirs, visualization of hydraulic jump, flow over spillway, ogee weir, flow around piers. Flow in converging and diverging channel section.

Unsteady flow. Height and celerity of surge waves. Derivation St. Venant equations and Boussinesq equations, Navier Stokes equations for unsteady flow. Method of characteristics, Finite different methods. Stability of numerical methods. Explicit finite different schemes, implicit finite difference schemes, initial and boundary conditions. Numerical modeling for unsteady flow. Channel network analysis. Two dimensional (2-D) free surface flow. Shallow water wave, kinematic wave theory, diffusion wave theory. Supercritical and split flow analysis. Hydraulic flood routing, floodway and channel improvement analysis.

CWR-612             DAM AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERING                             (2,1)

Introduction: Description, purposes, single and multipurpose, Classification, Types; Planning-data, team; Site selection, Components, Surveys, Layout; Impacts. Dam Hydrology and Reservoir Sedimentation: Purposes, Yield; Flow data: Dependable yield, Reservoir sizing, ripple mass curve, Reservoir operation; Spillway and diversion floods, reservoir routing; Sediment- yield, trap, consolidation, Deposition distribution, Reservoir life.

Dam Geology and Foundation: Purposes, characteristics of foundation, Rock classification and characteristics, Geologic requirements, Dam site investigations, Foundation treatment, Earthquake hazards, Construction materials, Grading, embankment materials, Field and lab tests. Loads and stresses in dams, Force analysis, stability requirements.

Earth-fill dam: Design criteria, Types, Foundation design, Seepage-analysis, control and mitigation, Embankment design (core, crest, free board, slopes, materials, filter, slope protection), Stability analysis. Rock-fill dam: Types, Embankment design, Selection of rock materials, Foundation preparation, Seepage control, Slope protection, Stability analysis.

Concrete dams: Loads, Gravity dam -dam stability, stress analysis, profile selection; Arch dam -Layout/arch geometry and profile, arch stress analysis, thin or thick arch, force analysis, abutment strength; Buttress dam-buttress analysis and profile design; Seepage control, Spillways layout and type.

Spillways: Design flood, design discharge, Location, Types, Energy dissipation arrangements. Outlet works: Types, Tunnels-design, lining, Inlet, Trash racks, Gates and valves, Energy dissipation.

Hydropower works: Layout of tunnels, headrace, fore bay, penstock, surge tanks, powerhouse, forebay and tail race. Powerhouse sizing. Dam construction: River diversion, coffer dam. Dam Instrumentation and Safety: Failure-Causes, controls, Inspection, Instrumentation.

CWR-613             DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES                            (2,1)

Weir and Barrages – theory and design;, Theory and design of canal regulation structures - Head regulators Cross regulators and Escape regulators; Intakes, Fish passes. Retrogression. Barrage operation for irrigation, flood and hydropower operations. u/s and d/s bela formation and control.

Cross drainage works – supper passage, aqueduct, siphon, symphonic aqueduct, level crossing; Highway crossings: bridges culverts, and dips/ causeway, Drainage inlet for surface drains.

Theory and design of drop structures / canal falls. Theory and design of silt excluding structures, Hydraulic design of pumping stations: Theory and design of canal outlets. Design of flow measuring structures i.e. weir, V-notches, flumes. Concept of structure calibration, determination of discharge coefficient of different hydraulic structures (gated and ungated)

Spillway: Types, properties and limitations, Hydraulic design of spillway, energy dissipation devices on and below spillway. Hydraulic design of stilling basins.

Dam outlets/tunnels: types, design, lining, bifurcations, energy dissipation, gates/valves, cavitation

CWR-614             SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND RIVER ENGINEERING                               (2,1)

Fluvial System and sedimentation, properties of sediment, individual and bulk properties, hydraulics of sediment transport, interaction of fluid and particle. Flow resistance drag force, lift force concept, resistance flow in open channel with moveable boundaries and bed form. Incipient motion, suspended load, bed load total load computation. Mobile bed visualization, determination of Manning’s roughness coefficient. Bed form measurement. Measurement of scour depths around the pier.

Sediment carrying capacity of channel. Erosion and sedimentation of cohesive material. Degradation, aggradations and local scour in alluvial channel. Stable alluvial channel design. Analysis of alluvial bed form. Sediment measurement. Bed load, suspended load measurement. Sediment transport modeling in rivers and reservoirs. Bed material analysis, sieve analysis, VAT method, suspended sediment analysis, pipette method, application of HEC-6 model for river and reservoir sedimentation. Delta formation and movement, reservoir survey. Turbid density currents, sediment flushing and excavation..

River morphology, hydraulics of river flow, river hydrographic survey, river regulation and control. Measurement of river cross-section. River training works, spur, guidelines flood protection works. Effects of river training on flow dynamics. Weir gate regulation and sediment deposition in head ponds. Analysis of river morphology. Stream gauging.  Floodway analysis. Application of River Analysis System, HEC-RAS model, Telemetry, River water quality modeling.

CWR-615             PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELING                                      (2,1)

Basic of physical modeling. Principles and theory of similarity. Dimensional analysis. Scale ratios, scale and boundary effects. Dynamic similarity, kinematic similarity, physical modeling river and flood plains. Distorted models. Geometric model. Mobile bed model. Models for dynamic behavior of structures. Hydrodynamic action on stilling basin. Dynamic actions on break waters.  Dynamic wave modeling,

Physical Model testing procedure. Physical modeling for coastal area. Unsteady flow. St. Venant equation for unsteady flow. Mathematical formulation of physical processes. Basic concept of numerical modeling. Finite difference method, explicit and implicit Finite Different schemes. Kinematic diffusion and hydrodynamics modeling. Numerical model for natural channels, Dam break modeling, HEC-RAS Model calibration and data requirement.

CWR-621             DESIGN OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS                  (2,1)

Waterways: Intakes, Trash rack, Stop-logs,  Power canal and tunnel, Cavitation, Surge tank, Penstock,/pressure shaft, Draft tube, Gates/valves, Tail race

Hydro-mechanical components: Turbine and its types, governor, parts, Typical dimensions. Turbine load/efficiency curves, turbine selection, Turbine manufactures.

Power house: Layout, Sizing of generator room, and other ancillaries, Workshop, office, storage, workers and utility area, Loading bay, Height requirements, Pressure relieving structures, Dewatering of powerhouse pit. Ventilation, Disaster prevention, Overhead cranes and jibs.

Electro-mechanical components: Generator, step-up transformer, high voltage switch gear, low voltage switch gear, high voltage circuit breakers, MVILV installations, control and protection.

CWR-622             PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS       (2,1)       

Comparison with other energy source, stages of hydropower development, selection criteria and approval, components, low head and high head, low head developments; civil components; hydro-mechanical, components; electromechanical components and auxiliary equipment. Project layout and sizing, low head and high head, interdependence between layout, sizing and economics; alternative project layout, selection of project components; level of detail of quantities and costs in different stages of project development; estimation of quantities and costs and optimization and selection of the plant size. Peaking plants, Risk analysis for public and private sector investments.

CWR-631             DRAINAGE ENGINEERING                                     (2,1)

General: Introduction, Definitions; Sources of drainage water; drainage requirements; Impacts of deficient drainage; Solutions; Problems identification; Water table surveys.

Sub-surface drainage: Soil-water relations, moisture profile, drainable pore volume; flow equations; soil hydraulic properties, Pipe drainage design; steady state design: unsteady design:, dynamic equilibrium, Pipe drain system; layout; materials; pipe sizes; envelop design; construction; drainage structures; performance monitoring; pipe cleaning, O&M issues, Drainage criteria; steady or unsteady design; humid areas; irrigated areas, Drainable surplus; components; recharge; discharge; water balance quantification; spatial and temporal variability, Tubewell drainage design; layout; components; materials, O&M. Interceptor drains, concept, design: layout.

Surface drainage:  Surface drainage system; drainage protection / frequency analysis; flow terminology; factors affecting flow; land forming; Field, farm and main drainage; Drainage ditches; Design discharge: rational method; empirical method; curve number method; temporal runoff distribution: unit hydrograph; design hydrographs; urban drainage. Design of drain; discharge, layout; drain section design; L-section; X-section; surface drainage structures; O&M, pumping stations and flood control.

Planning of drainage projects and investigations:               Drainage Projects in Pakistan, History, project description, Drainage projects planning; Steps; diagnosis, solutions; data; investigations; surface surveys; ground water surveys; processing and interpretation; maps, project formulation.

CWR-632             IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT                                   (2,1)

Objectives of irrigation: scope & major issues, irrigation and food security; Soil-water-plant relationships, soil moisture indicators, available soil moisture, management allowed deficit, soil moisture determination; Flow measurement, water losses and their determination

Irrigation water requirements: reference evapotranspiration (ET), measurement and estimation of ET, crop coefficients, water production functions.

Irrigation scheduling, deficit irrigation water, water distribution at farm: on-demand, continuous and rotational schedules; Irrigation efficiencies, distribution uniformity and water productivities; Conjunctive use.

Concepts of surface irrigation, surface irrigation process, infiltration and infiltration models, measurement of infiltration; Types of surface irrigation systems, their suitability and limitations, Volume balance theory and its application, evaluation of irrigation systems and their improvement, design fundamentals;

Irrigation system layout and operations at division, circle and command level, Water allocation and distribution at canal command, region, country and basin level., Water management at various levels.

CWR-633             WATER QUALITY MODELLING AND MANAGEMENT                             (2,1)

Water quality parameters, receiving water processes, general concept of water quality modeling, general water quality model components, general mathematical formulations for water quality models, model data requirements and prediction issues, objectives of computer modeling in water quality management studies, cases studies of water quality models, utilization of modeling in water quality management studies,  evaluation of wastewater treatment alternatives, wastewater characteristics, water use and wastewater production, wastewater flow, composition of wastewaters, wastewater treatment techniques, development of alternative wastewater treatment schemes, wastewater treatment cost estimation, elements of cost estimation, cost estimates of wastewater treatment techniques, a systems approach to water quality management, institutional aspects of water quality management planning, environmental assessments in water quality management planning.

CWR-651             ARID ZONE HYDROLOGY                                       (2,1)

Introduction, the arid zone environment and hydrological measurements, traditional forms of water use in arid zones.

Rainfall characterized by convective storms, Intensity characteristics of storm rainfall, variability of annual rainfall, long term trends in annual rainfall, statistical analysis of annual point rainfall, spatial variability of annual rainfall, seasonal rainfall. Raingauge networks, the distribution of recording, rainfall intensity analysis, estimation of mean areal rainfall, rainfall depth-duration-frequency relationships, probability of daily rainfall occurrences, double mass analysis with limited and scarce data.

Climatic elements affecting evapotranspiration, temporal and spatial variability of potential evapotranspiration, estimation of evaporation and evapotranspiration in arid zones.

Characteristics of surface runoff, flood events, annual and seasonal runoff amounts in arid zones, Streamgauging network requirements, data processing and analysis. The effects of climate on sedimentation, the sedimentation process in arid lands.

Characteristics of Groundwater in Arid Zones. Special techniques useful in arid zone hydrology. Resource Assessment Methods: Surface water estimation and use, groundwater recharge estimation, artificial groundwater recharge.

CWR-653             HYDROMETEOROLOGY                                           (2,1)

Microclimatic, local and global aspects. Measurement of climatic factors, air masses and fronts, synoptic maps, cyclones and anticyclones. Monsoons, global climatic changes.

Hydrometeorological network planning and design. Precipitation measurement. Accuracy of measurement of hydrometeorological elements.

Precipitation analysis. Depth-Area-Duration. Probable maximum precipitation and probable maximum flood computations. Intensity-duration-frequency analysis. Antecedent precipitation index. Coaxial analysis. The link of hydrometeorological parameters and experimental basin studies.

Land atmosphere interaction.                   

CWR-654             SNOW AND ICE HYDROLOGY                               (2,1)

Introduction:       Definitions, Snow and its classification, Distribution of snow, Ripening of snow, Snowmelt process, Design of network, Measurement of snow at time of fall, Snow surveying, Factors affecting runoff from snowmelt, Techniques of Analysis of snowmelt for Forecasting runoff, Snow compaction, Snow loads, Properties and Structure of Ice. Distribution of Glaciers and Perennial Ice, Movement of glaciers and their impacts. Introduction to avalanches and their classification.   

CWR-655             WATERSHED PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT                                         (2,1)

Why watershed planning & development? Watershed morphology, storage on the watershed. Characterizing the watershed. Drainage network. Watershed management and large scale changes. Causes of soil erosion.

Watershed development inventory. Watershed development requirements w.r.t. to water resources & hydropower development projects. Watershed management practices required for watershed development. Soil and water conservation engineering practices for watershed development. Land consolidation, water resources development, channel improvement and river training, flood control and management, restructuring the forestry practices.

CWR-671             GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECNICAL INVESTIGATIONS                          (2,1)

Formation of soil and soil deposits, origin and composition of soils. Geological investigations for construction of dams, reservoirs, abutments, foundation and location of borrow areas.

Seepage, seepage force, quick condition, flow net theory and applications, seepage through earth dams,. Compressibility and settlement, consolidation theory, consolidation tests. Shear strength in soil, Mohr’s theory of failure, stability of slopes, methods for prediction of slope stability. Lateral earth pressure, active and passive earth pressure, Rankine’s theory, effects of surface loads. Site improvement: compaction stabilization, dewatering and use of geosynthetics. Bearing capacity of shallow foundation, deformation and bearing failure, bearing capacity evaluation, effects of groundwater.

Field and laboratory tests: standard penetration test, permeability, density, rock quality designation, plastic limit, shrinkage limit and liquid limit etc.

Use of drilling equipments. Well logging, lithological well logging and geophysical logs. Collection of disturbed and undisturbed samples from the subsurface formations. Use of investigational tunnels, adits, shafts, test pits, trenches for development for subsurface structures.

Use of aerial photography and geophysical methods for geological investigations. Different types of drilling method and their importance with reference to investigation in different formation.

CWR-681             PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEM                                                (2,1)

Adaptability of sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems; Types of sprinkler irrigation systems: portable, semi-portable and permanent systems, hand-move, toe move, side-roll and raingun sprinklers, centre-pivot and linear move systems; Components of a sprinkler system: pump, mainline and laterals, sprinkler heads. Types of sprinkler heads and their characteristics; Water application patterns by stationary sprinklers, effect of wind and drift losses, sprinkler discharge, water application depth and spacing; Evaluation of a sprinkler system: water application uniformity and application efficiency, wind losses and pressure variation; Layout of set sprinklers: number of sprinkler heads & lateral positions, topographic effect, main line layout, preliminary design; Pipe and hydraulic, pressure & friction losses: economical pipe size selection; Centre-pivot sprinkler system: water application rates & patterns, irrigation depth and speed of the system, variation of discharge along the lateral and evaluation; Trickle irrigation system and its components, emitters and their types, criteria for selection of emitters, clogging of emitters and filtration, design of a trickle system.

CWR-682             LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT                                  (2,1)

Diagnosis and properties of salt affected soils. Diagnostic procedures for evaluating salinity/sodicity of soils. Ion exchange and dynamics of salts. Leaching theory and salt balance. Management of salt affected soils. Reclamation of salt affected soils. Planning for reclamation. Role of crops in soil reclamation.

Significance and scope of soil and water conservation, soil erosion types, factors affecting soil erosion, water erosion control, mechanism of water erosion, vegetative waterways design, terrace design embankments and farm ponds, design of farm ponds, agricultural watershed management.

CWR-691             ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT                    (2,1)

What is environmental impact assessment (EIA)? Why EIA is required for Water Resources Development projects. Basic principles. Procedure of EIA. Subject oriented requirements. Ecological evaluation. Practical considerations in writing impact statements.

EIA of water resources development projects in general. EIA of dam & reservoirs, Irrigation & Drainage and Hydropower projects. National environmental policy. Future of environmental impact assessment studies.

CWR-692             PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT                       (2,1)

Manager and management views, problem solving, project supervision. Data, decision making and implementation, Responsibility, interwoven problems, Project organization and strategy, Job planning and management. Project networking and control, project staff behavior, business problems, resource inventory, project finances, Land acquisition and use techniques. Project construction strategy; project phasing, cash flow, staff requirements. Material processing and handling, equipment and machinery, transportation fleet.

Construction plant and machinery – functional classification and application, factors affecting selection of construction equipment. Construction planning techniques, activity sampling, incentives, value engineering, risk analysis, resource leveling. Operational analysis, schedule control. Network analysis techniques, use of CPM/PERT/Primvera. Computer applications to cost engineering, Earthwork excavation, handling and transportation machinery. River diversions during construction, construction of ancillary works. Deep/shallow water construction in rivers and sea. Construction techniques for dams, power stations, irrigation system, flood control measures.

CWR-693             REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPLICATION IN WATER RESOURCES    (2,1)

Components of GIS, function of GIS, vector data, raster data. Coordinate system, map projection. Spatial data input, spatial data management and analysis, overlay operation, attribute data handling. Network analysis. Statistical operation using GIS. Introduction to remote sensing and remotely sensed data. Electromagnetic radiation. Different types of satellite. Data acquisition, digital image processing. Aerial photography. Image analysis, image classification supervised and unsupervised classification, Image enhancement, edge enhancement, digital elevation model, TIN model, geostatistical tools, kriging techniques. Image interpretation for irrigation system, forestry, snow cover, and geology. Watershed delineation. Regional scale concept. Application of ILWIS model for: Irrigation water requirement, Determining of peak runoff, Erosion modeling, Flood hazard analysis, Geological survey, Groundwater pollution vulnerability assessment, GPS, components of GPS. Survey using GPS Errors in GPS survey, Total station.

CWR-694             WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND ECONOMICS                                 (2,1)

Planning: definitions, importance, characteristics, planning objectives. Planning process: levels, phases, steps, planning reports, project appraisal. WR development purposes, alternatives and their evaluation, multi-purpose planning, regional planning, Administration of planning programs, Decision making process; Demand projection; Production practices and constraints; Land, water and human resources.

Water resources planning in Pakistan, PC proforma, Water sector plans, development plans, planning organizations. Planning data: requirements, analysis and management, data transformation and transposition, forecasting. Planning aids and tools: optimization, simulation, remote sensing, GIS, etc, mathematical modeling. Project impact: environment, social, Public participation in WR projects.

Project Costs and benefits: Cost - components, construction and O&M costs, direct and indirect costs, cost phasing; Project benefits - primary & secondary, direct and indirect benefits, social and economic benefits; Adjustments of costs and benefits (shadow prices, subsidies, escalation, taxes).

Engineering economy: Project exclusions, criteria for economic comparison, Time value of money, discounting, compounding, annuity, capital recovery, sinking fund, present vs. future worth, amortization, Annualized costs and benefits, interest, loans (hard, soft), Discounting techniques, BC ratio, NPW, EIRR, sensitivity analysis, Economic Analysis, Financial Analysis, project comparisons and selection.

Planning for irrigation development or intensification projects. Planning for drainage and reclamation projects, Planning for flood control projects, Planning for water storage reservoir dams and hydro-power development projects.

CWR-695             WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ANALYSIS                                         (2,1)

Basic concepts of system engineering: objective function, constraint equations, decision variables, feasible, basic and optimal solutions, slack and surplus variables; Simplex method: standard and canonical forms, basic and non-basic variables, solution of simplex problems; Linear Programming: formulation of linear programming (LP) model, application of LP model to water resources problems, dual LP models, application of Tora and Lindo softwares, interpretation of solution output, sensitivity & range analysis; Integer Programming (IP) and its application, mixed integer programming; Dynamic programming (DP): stage and state variables, formulation and solution of DP models and their applications.

CWR 696              COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES                                (2,1)

Introduction to computers (Analog and Digital Computer). Computer functions (Opening, Saving, Editing and Modifying a file. Changing file name/path/drive. Creating and managing a folder. Printing a file). Internet utilization (Search engines, explore a specific site, E-mail applications, data transfer etc).

Use of Office Package (Word processor, Use of spread sheet for numeric calculations and drawing graphs, use of Power point.). Creating drawings/graphics using Office Package and specific graphic software as Corel Draw, AutoCADD etc

Preamble to computer language (Elements of programming. Input/Output, Assignment, and control statements. Loops and structured Programming.